Some thoughts on the topic overlooked by the proponents of non-violent resistance:
The death of Mandela not long ago reminds me of the tactic of non violence to achieve the goals of freedom from some oppressor. People make the mistakes constantly that those well known figures who used non violent resistance did so as a principle vs a tactic.
I heard an interview with Mandela’s biographer who said Mandela was very clear non violence was a tactic, not a principle for him. He felt violent resistance was also an option, and option he was a proponent of during his early experiences and was principle in the armed faction of the ANC.
But what of other well known figures who used non violence? Gandhi, and MLK jr, both, new it was a tactic that might be more effective (or at least lead to far less bloodshed) than violent resistance, but they didn’t reject violent resistance on principle either on the group or personal level.
Gandhi said:
“I have been repeating over and over again that he who cannot protect himself or his nearest and dearest or their honor by non-violently facing death may and ought to do so by violently dealing with the oppressor. He who can do neither of the two is a burden. He has no business to be the head of a family. He must either hide himself, or must rest content to live for ever in helplessness and be prepared to crawl like a worm at the bidding of a bully.”
- Mahatma Gandhi (Young India, 11-10-1928, p342)
MLK Jr. Said:
“Finally, I contended that the debate over the question of self-defense was unnecessary since few people suggested that Negroes should not defend themselves as individuals when attacked. The question was not whether one should use his gun when his home was attacked, but whether it was tactically wise to use a gun while participating in an organized demonstration.”
“As we have seen, the first public expression of disenchantment with nonviolence arose around the question of ‘self-defense.’ In a sense this is a false issue, for the right to defend one’s home and one’s person when attacked has been guaranteed through the ages by common law.”
From: “Where Do We Go From Here:Chaos or Community?” by MLK Jr.
The only world leader of note I can find who may approach non violent struggle against an oppressor on principle is the Dali Lama, but I don’t know if he’s really discussed that. However, when asked on a personal self defense level he said:
“If someone has a gun and is trying to kill you, it would be reasonable to shoot back with your own gun.” – The Dalai Lama, the “Educating Heart Summit” May 15, 2001, The Seattle Times
When being attacked, the Lama does not advocate non-violence as a response it appears. I’m unclear whether or not his line of thinking would extend to larger issues of oppression for which his own people currently experience.
Historically speaking, non violent civil disobedience has been effective against democratic open societies where the wholesale slaughter of civilians will cause such an outrage by the populace it’s ultimately rejected by the oppressors as a tactic. However, against governments/oppressors from dictatorships and leaders who do not answer to their own people and rule by force, non violent civil disobedience has not historically been effective and only violent resistance has resulted in the freedoms for which they desired as human beings with “inalienable Rights” they have as human beings.