First off, you should read John_Wayne777’s excellent write up “low light basics”, if you haven’t already. This is a great starting point to understanding low light shooting. There’s a section dedicated to carbine mounted lights:
http://m4carbine.net/showthread.php?t=16114&highlight=stance
Surefire is unarguably the most highly-regarded manufacturer when it comes to reliable lights. I prefer them myself, but there are a lot of folks out there that use a Streamlight to good effect. You’ll also find people that swear by one of the various Chinese manufacturered lights eg. Fenix, Nitecore, Olight, etc. Personally, every time I’ve tried a non-Surefire light, I’ve been disappointed in some aspect of the light (normally the quality of the threads, operation of the switch, user-interface, or overall reliability). I’ve really given a lot of different manufacturer’s lights an honest shot. YMMV, but my opinion is that Surefire is the best place to start.
As far as mounts go, there are a TON of good, useable options out there from a lot of different manufacturers. Vltor, LaRue, VTAC, Gear Sector, Danger Close, to name the ones I can think of. They vary in how they mount to the rail, how they hold the light, and how they position the light in relationship to the rail.
‘Momentary’ generally refers to a flashlight’s method of operation in which the user applies constant pressure to the tailcap, which will turn the light ON. When pressure is released, the light turns OFF. The tailcap doesn’t ‘click’ on and off like a typical Mag-Lite does. To turn one of these lights to ‘constant on’, the user rotates the tailcap clockwise. A lot of Surefire handhelds come stock with a very good, reliable example of this type of switch. Surefire calls it a Momentary Lock-Out Tailcap. This is my preferred tailcap for a weaponlight, but again, YMMV.
There are a lot of different ways to set up a light on an AR carbine. There are dedicated weaponlights (with a rail mount integrated into the flashlight’s body) like the Surefire M600C Scoutlight. There’s using a regular handheld in conjunction with a mount (like a Surefire G2 in a Vltor mount). There’s also using a handgun light, like a Surefire X300 or Streamlight TLR-1, mounted to an AR’s rail. There’s some very knowledgable dudes on this site that use a Surefire X300 mounted at 12 o’clock, in front of the front sight on an AR. Again, this is user preference.
The best way to determine what setup you want to run would be to take a good low-light shooting course.
I’m a real flashlight geek, but my long gun home defense setup is a very simple and relatively inexpensive Surefire G2 LED in a Vltor SM-OCG offset mount. This however, is on an AK, where light mounting options are lot more limited versus an AR.